Journal of Movement Disorders

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Evaluating the validity and reliability of the Korean version of Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease–Cognition: Jinse Park, Eung Seok Oh, Seong-Beom Koh, In-Uk Song, Tae-Beom Ahn, Sang Jin Kim, Sang-Myung Cheon, Yun Joong Kim, Jin Whan Cho, Hyeo-Il Ma, Mee-Young Park, Jong Sam Baik, Phil Hyu Lee, Sun Ju Chung, Jong-Min Kim, Han-Joon Kim, Young-Hee Sung, Do Young Kwon, Jae-Hyeok Lee, Jee-Young Lee, Ji Sun Kim, Ji Young Yun, Hee Jin Kim, Jin Young Hong, Mi-Jung Kim, Jinyoung Youn, Ji Seon Kim, Hui-Jun Yang, Won Tae Yoon, Sooyeoun You, Kyum-Yil Kwon, Su-Yun Lee, Younsoo Kim, Hee-Tae Kim, Joong-Seok Kim, Ji-Young Kim; Received March 8, 2024 Accepted April 2, 2024 Published online April 3, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.24061 [Accepted]

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Abstract PDF: Objective
The Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease–Cognition (SCOPA-Cog) was developed to screen for cognition in PD. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the SCOPA-cog.
Methods
We recruited 129 PD patients from 31 clinics with movement disorders in South Korea. The original version of the SCOPA-cognition was translated into Korean using the translation-retranslation method. The test-rest method with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient were used to assess reliability. The Spearman’s Rank correlation analysis with Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Korean version (MOCA-K) and Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) were used to assess concurrent validity.
Results
The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.797, and the ICC was 0.887. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis showed a significant correlation with the K-MMSE and MOCA-K scores (r = 0.546 and r = 0.683, respectively).
Conclusions
Our results demonstrate that K-SCOPA-Cog exhibits good reliability and validity.

Original Articles

Cognition, Olfaction and Uric Acid in Early de novo Parkinson’s Disease: Hwa Reung Lee, Joong Hyun Park, Sang Won Han, Jong Sam Baik; J Mov Disord. 2018;11(3):139-144. Published online September 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.18037

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Objective
Cognitive impairment is one of the nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD), and olfactory dysfunction is used as a marker to detect premotor stages of PD. Serum uric acid (sUA) levels have been found to be a risk factor for PD. Our objective in this study was to examine whether sUA levels are associated with cognitive changes and olfactory dysfunction in early de novo PD patients.
Methods
The study participants included 196 de novo PD patients. We assessed cognitive function by the Korean versions of the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and assessed olfactory function by the Korean version of the Sniffin’ Sticks test.
Results
The mean sUA level was 4.7 mg/dL and was significantly lower in women than in men. Cognitive scores were lower in women, suggesting that sUA levels were related to cognitive function. The olfactory functions were not related to sUA level but were clearly associated with cognitive scores. Olfactory threshold, odor discrimination, and odor identification were all significantly related to cognitive scores.
Conclusion
We conclude that lower sUA levels were associated with cognitive impairment, not olfactory dysfunction, in de novo PD patients. This finding suggests that UA is neuroprotective as an antioxidant in the cognitive function of PD patients.

Citations

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Serum uric acid and Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Mohammad Balabandian, Sarvenaz Salahi, Behnaz Mahmoudvand, Mahla Esmaeilzadeh, Seyedeh Melika Hashemi, Fardin Nabizadeh
Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience.2023; 11(6): 299. CrossRef
International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Olfaction
Zara M. Patel, Eric H. Holbrook, Justin H. Turner, Nithin D. Adappa, Mark W. Albers, Aytug Altundag, Simone Appenzeller, Richard M. Costanzo, Ilona Croy, Greg E. Davis, Puya Dehgani‐Mobaraki, Richard L. Doty, Valerie B. Duffy, Bradley J. Goldstein, David
International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology.2022; 12(4): 327. CrossRef
Association of serum uric acid and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: A cross-sectional study from a movement disorders clinic in Lagos, Nigeria
OlanikeA Odeniyi, OluwadamilolaO Ojo, IfedayoAdeola Odeniyi, NjidekaUlunma Okubadejo
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npj Parkinson's Disease.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
What substance P might tell us about the prognosis and mechanism of Parkinson's disease?
Paola Tirassa, Tommaso Schirinzi, Marcello Raspa, Massimo Ralli, Antonio Greco, Antonella Polimeni, Roberta Possenti, Nicola Biagio Mercuri, Cinzia Severini
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.2021; 131: 899. CrossRef
Brain-First versus Gut-First Parkinson’s Disease: A Hypothesis
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Patients and Their Caregivers’ Burdens for Parkinson’s Disease in Korea: Jong Sam Baik, Joong-Seok Kim, Seong-Beom Koh, Jin Whan Cho, Phil Hyu Lee, Hyeo-Il Ma, Yun Joong Kim, Tae-Beom Ahn, Sang Jin Kim, Yong Duk Kim, Seong-min Choi, Ho-Won Lee, Hee Tae Kim; J Mov Disord. 2017;10(3):109-115. Published online September 22, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.17053

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Abstract PDF

Objective
Many patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) suffer from motor and non-motor symptoms. According to these variable symptoms of PD, patients or caregivers have a poorer quality of life than patients with other neurodegenerative diseases. Since the difficulties are varied for all patients, prioritizing their difficulties differs among all cases. The goal of this study was to investigate the burdens of PD among the caregivers as well as patients and to identify areas requiring aid from the government.
Methods
We surveyed the awareness and perceptions of PD in patients and caregivers of PD by a face-to-face questionnaire. The questionnaire was divided into three sections: symptoms of PD (part A), desire for policies (part B), and difficulties faced by their caregivers (part C). Part A comprised 8 questions, Part B had 2 questions, and Part C had 3 questions.
Results
In total, 853 subjects (702 patients and 151 caregivers) were enrolled in this study. The major difficulties experienced by PD patients were physical (67%), psychiatric (60%) and socio-economic (52%). Assessing the physical difficulties, more than half the patients experienced severe difficulties (29% very severe, 39% severe). Psychiatric difficulties were assessed as severe (35%) and very severe (21%) among the patients. Severe difficulties were also experienced socio-economically, at 52% in patients and 49% in caregivers, especially among patients in their fifties (58%) and those with their spouse (65%) as caregivers. The topmost need was the introduction of new technology for treatment of PD (62%), followed by relief of costs for treatment (38%) and a family support system (31%). The majority (91%) of the patients were diagnosed with PD within two years after onset of symptoms.
Conclusion
We know that the difficulties of PD and the needs for government assistance are different between patients and caregivers. These results emphasize that perceiving the difficulties and needs of patients and caregivers early can help to prevent and ameliorate the burden of disease.

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Challenges in Parkinson’s Disease Care—In Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Kyung Ah Woo, Han-Joon Kim, Beomseok Jeon
Journal of Movement Disorders.2023; 16(1): 52. CrossRef
Efficacy and safety of a combination of emotional freedom technique with acupuncture versus acupuncture alone to treat psychiatric symptoms in Parkinson’s disease: A protocol for a randomized, assessor-blind, parallel-group clinical trial
Dong-Hoon Kang, Ju-Yeon Kim, Yang-Chun Park, Ho-Ryong Yoo, In Chul Jung
Medicine.2023; 102(21): e33714. CrossRef
Exploring Unmet Information Needs of People with Parkinson’s Disease and Their Families: Focusing on Information Sharing in an Online Patient Community
Hyeon Sik Chu, Hye Young Jang
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(5): 2521. CrossRef
Participants' perspective on a COVID-19 online vocal group stimulation for people with Parkinson's disease
Marie-Christine Hallé, Charline Delorme, Édith Coulombe, Ouswa Rekik, Ingrid Verduyckt
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Group singing improves quality of life for people with Parkinson’s: an international study
J. Yoon Irons, Grenville Hancox, Trish Vella-Burrows, Eun-Young Han, Hyun-Ju Chong, David Sheffield, Donald E. Stewart
Aging & Mental Health.2021; 25(4): 650. CrossRef
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Hanan AboJabel, Einat Argavan, Sharon Hassin-Baer, Rivka Inzelberg, Perla Werner
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Perceived online social support for Parkinson’s disease patients: The role of support type, uncertainty, contentment, and psychological quality of life
Surin Chung, Eunjin (Anna) Kim, J. Brian Houston
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Roongroj Bhidayasiri, Pattamon Panyakaew, Claudia Trenkwalder, Beomseok Jeon, Nobutaka Hattori, Priya Jagota, Yih-Ru Wu, Elena Moro, Shen-Yang Lim, Huifang Shang, Raymond Rosales, Jee-Young Lee, Win Min Thit, Eng-King Tan, Thien Thien Lim, Ngoc Tai Tran,
Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.2020; 72: 82. CrossRef
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Xing Yan Choo, Shen-Yang Lim, Karuthan Chinna, Yan Jing Tan, Voon Wei Yong, Jia Lun Lim, Kar Foo Lau, Jing Yi Chung, Jun Min Em, Hui Ting Tan, Jia Hwa Lim, Seng Beng Tan, Chong Tin Tan, Ai Huey Tan
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A Comparative Study of Central Hemodynamics in Parkinson’s Disease: Joong Hyun Park, Sang Won Han, Jong Sam Baik; J Mov Disord. 2017;10(3):135-139. Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.17035

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Abstract PDF

Objective
To explore the central aortic pressure in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD).
Methods
We investigated central arterial stiffness by measurement of the augmentation index (AIx) in PD patients. Patients were eligible for the study if they were de novo PD and 45 years of age or older. The patients’ demographics, vascular risk factors, and neurologic examinations were collected at baseline. The AIx was measured by applanation tonometry.
Results
A total of 147 subjects (77 in control and 70 in PD groups) were enrolled in the study. While there was no significant difference in peripheral systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), or mean arterial pressure between groups, peripheral pulse pressure (PP) was significantly lower in the PD group than in the control group (p = 0.012). Regarding central pressure, aortic DBP was significantly higher and PP was significantly lower in the PD group (p = 0.001, < 0.0001). Although there was no significant difference in the AIx between the groups, a trend toward a lower AIx was observed in the PD group (31.2% vs. 28.1%, p = 0.074).
Conclusion
This study showed that peripheral and central PP was significantly lower in the PD group than in the control group. Our study suggests that PD patients may have a low risk of a cardiovascular event by reason of a lower PP.

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Validation of the Korean Version of the Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease-Autonomic: Ji-Young Kim, In-Uk Song, Seong-Beom Koh, Tae-Beom Ahn, Sang Jin Kim, Sang-Myung Cheon, Jin Whan Cho, Yun Joong Kim, Hyeo-Il Ma, Mee-Young Park, Jong Sam Baik, Phil Hyu Lee, Sun Ju Chung, Jong-Min Kim, Han-Joon Kim, Young-Hee Sung, Do Young Kwon, Jae-Hyeok Lee, Jee-Young Lee, Ji Sun Kim, Ji Young Yun, Hee Jin Kim, Jin Young Hong, Mi-Jung Kim, Jinyoung Youn, Ji Seon Kim, Eung Seok Oh, Hui-Jun Yang, Won Tae Yoon, Sooyeoun You, Kyum-Yil Kwon, Hyung-Eun Park, Su-Yun Lee, Younsoo Kim, Hee-Tae Kim, Joong-Seok Kim; J Mov Disord. 2017;10(1):29-34. Published online January 18, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.16057

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objective
Autonomic symptoms are commonly observed in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and often limit the activities of daily living. The Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson’s disease-Autonomic (SCOPA-AUT) was developed to evaluate and quantify autonomic symptoms in PD. The goal of this study was to translate the original SCOPA-AUT, which was written in English, into Korean and to evaluate its reliability and validity for Korean PD patients.
Methods
For the translation, the following processes were performed: forward translation, backward translation, expert review, pretest of the pre-final version and development of the final Korean version of SCOPA-AUT (K-SCOPA-AUT). In total, 127 patients with PD from 31 movement disorder clinics of university-affiliated hospitals in Korea were enrolled in this study. All patients were assessed using the K-SCOPA-AUT and other motor, non-motor, and quality of life scores. Test-retest reliability for the K-SCOPA-AUT was assessed over a time interval of 10−14 days.
Results
The internal consistency and reliability of the K-SCOPA-AUT was 0.727 as measured by the mean Cronbach’s α-coefficient. The test-retest correlation reliability was 0.859 by the Guttman split-half coefficient. The total K-SCOPA-AUT score showed a positive correlation with other non-motor symptoms [the Korean version of non-motor symptom scale (K-NMSS)], activities of daily living (Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale part II) and quality of life [the Korean version of Parkinson’s Disease Quality of Life 39 (K-PDQ39)].
Conclusion
The K-SCOPA-AUT had good reliability and validity for the assessment of autonomic dysfunction in Korean PD patients. Autonomic symptom severities were associated with many other motor and non-motor impairments and influenced quality of life.

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Current Status of Huntington’s Disease in Korea: A Nationwide Survey and National Registry Analysis: Hyun Sook Kim, Chul Hyoung Lyoo, Phil Hyu Lee, Sang Jin Kim, Mee Young Park, Hyeo-Il Ma, Jae Hyeok Lee, Sook Kun Song, Jong Sam Baik, Jin Ho Kim, Myung Sik Lee; J Mov Disord. 2015;8(1):14-20. Published online January 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.14038

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Objective Huntington’s disease (HD) is a rare neurological disorder, and its current status in Korea is not well investigated. This study aims to determine the prevalence and incidence of HD and to investigate the clinical features of HD patients in Korea.
Methods We estimated the crude prevalence and annual incidence of HD based on the databases of the Rare Diseases Registry (RDR) and the National Health Insurance (NHI). The clinical data of genetically confirmed HD patients was collected from 10 referral hospitals and analyzed.
Results The mean calculated annual incidence was 0.06 cases per 100,000 persons, and the mean calculated prevalence was 0.38 based on the NHI database. The estimated crude prevalence based on the RDR was 0.41. Of the sixty-eight HD patients recruited, the mean age of onset was 44.16 ± 14.08 years and chorea was most frequently reported as the initial symptom and chief complaint. The mean CAG repeat number of the expanded allele was 44.7 ± 4.8 and correlated inversely with the age of onset (p < 0.001). About two-thirds of the patients have a positive family history, and HD patients without positive family history showed a delay in onset of initial symptoms, a prolonged interval between initial symptom onset and genetic diagnosis and a delay in the age of genetic diagnosis.
Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to estimate the prevalence and incidence of HD in Korea and the largest HD series in the Asian population. Our analyses might be useful for further studies and large-scale investigations in HD patients.

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Journal of Huntington's Disease.2021; 10(4): 469. CrossRef
The Population Prevalence, Associations of Congenital Heart Defect and Mortality Risk for Down’s Syndrome in South Korea Based on National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) Data

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American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics.2018; 177(3): 346. CrossRef
Quantitative Gait Analysis in Patients with Huntington’s Disease
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Case Reports

Attention in Parkinson’s Disease Mimicking Suggestion in Psychogenic Movement Disorder: Jong Sam Baik; J Mov Disord. 2012;5(2):53-54.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.12012

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Abstract PDF

The various reported psychogenic movement disorders (PMDs) include tremor, dystonia, myoclonus, gait disorder, Parkinsonism, tics, and chorea. Although it is not easy to diagnose PMDs, several features such as distractibility, entrainment, suggestion and placebo trial are quite helpful to diagnose. Especially, distractibility or suggestion is a good tool to do in outpatient clinic easily. We describe a patient with parkinsonian features which were improved by internal suggestion to focusing attention. Initially, we suspected her diagnosis as PMDs; however she was confirmed with organic Parkinson’s disease later.

Citations

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Functional neurological disorder and placebo and nocebo effects: shared mechanisms
Mirta Fiorio, Miriam Braga, Angela Marotta, Bernardo Villa-Sánchez, Mark J. Edwards, Michele Tinazzi, Diletta Barbiani
Nature Reviews Neurology.2022; 18(10): 624. CrossRef
Functional Motor Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease and Functional Parkinsonism: A Systematic Review
Marine Ambar Akkaoui, Pierre A. Geoffroy, Emmanuel Roze, Bertrand Degos, Béatrice Garcin
The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences.2020; 32(1): 4. CrossRef
Somatization in Parkinson's Disease: A systematic review
Danilo Carrozzino, Per Bech, Chiara Patierno, Marco Onofrj, Bo Mohr Morberg, Astrid Thomas, Laura Bonanni, Mario Fulcheri
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry.2017; 78: 18. CrossRef

Psychogenic Balance Disorders: Is It a New Entity of Psychogenic Movement Disorders?: Jong Sam Baik, Myung Sik Lee; J Mov Disord. 2012;5(1):24-27.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.12007

16,292 View
99 Download
2 Crossref

Abstract PDF

The various reported psychogenic dyskinesias include tremor, dystonia, myoclonus, gait disorder, Parkinsonism, tics, and chorea. It is not easy to diagnose psychogenic movement disorders, especially in patients with underlying organic disease. We describe three patients with balance and/or posture abnormalities that occur when they stand up, start to move, or halt from walking, although their gaits are normal. One had an underlying unilateral frontal lobe lesion. All patients improved dramatically after receiving a placebo-injection or medication. These abnormal features differ from the previously reported features of astasia without abasia and of psychogenic gait disorders, including recumbent gait. We describe and discuss the patients’ unique clinical characteristics.

Citations

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Somatization in Parkinson's Disease: A systematic review
Danilo Carrozzino, Per Bech, Chiara Patierno, Marco Onofrj, Bo Mohr Morberg, Astrid Thomas, Laura Bonanni, Mario Fulcheri
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry.2017; 78: 18. CrossRef
Functional movement disorders
Anita Barbey, Selma Aybek
Current Opinion in Neurology.2017; 30(4): 427. CrossRef

Original Article

Psychogenic Gait Disorders after Mass School Vaccination of Influenza A: Jung Ho Ryu, Jong Sam Baik; J Mov Disord. 2010;3(1):15-17.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.10004

7,825 View
34 Download
5 Crossref

Abstract PDF

Background and Purpose

Psychogenic movement disorders (PMD) after war or mass vaccination was reported and well known disease entity already. However, we have seldom been met those patients because we don’t have any chance to experience of those events. Recently, influenza A (H1N1) spreads around world, and many countries have a program of mass vaccination of H1N1. Although PMD in adult is well characterized, childhood-onset PMD has not been extensively studied.

Case Reports

We present four children of psychogenic gait disorders (PGDs) after mass school vaccination of H1N1. They had fluctuating weakness and their prognosis was good. We confirmed all patients as PGD by placebo.

Conclusions

Our four cases have two common characteristics. One is that all were young and their prognosis was good. And the other is that all were induced their abnormal gait symptoms after mass school vaccination. We observed that mass PMD has a different characteristics comparing to personal PMD, and PMD in children is differ from adult onset PMD.

Citations

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Diagnosing Common Movement Disorders in Children
Jennifer A. O’Malley
CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology.2022; 28(5): 1476. CrossRef
Immunization stress-related responses: Implications for vaccination hesitancy and vaccination processes during the COVID-19 pandemic
Steven Taylor, Gordon J.G. Asmundson
Journal of Anxiety Disorders.2021; 84: 102489. CrossRef
Functional Neurological Disorder after Vaccination: A Balanced Approach Informed by History
Stefanie C Linden, Alan J Carson, Simon Wessely
Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.2021; 51(4): 330. CrossRef
Psychogenic Gait Disorder Complicating Recovery after Concussion: A Case Series
Scott I. Otallah
Pediatric Neurology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Psychogenic movement disorders in children and adolescents: an update
Susan R. Harris
European Journal of Pediatrics.2019; 178(4): 581. CrossRef

Case Report

Dopaminergic Medication-Related Repetitive Behaviors in Parkinson’s Disease: Jong Sam Baik, Sang Won Han, Jeong Yeon Kim, Jae Hyeon Park; J Mov Disord. 2008;1(2):101-103.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.08020

15,791 View
140 Download
1 Crossref

Abstract PDF

A set of impulse control and repetitive behaviors presumed to be related to dopaminergic medications has been recognized in Parkinson’s disease (PD). A 68-year-old man presented with compulsive gathering of new towels for 8 months after increasing his medication dosage. After we reduced a dose of Sinemet^® and ropinirole as before, and added amantadine, his repetitive behavior was gone and dyskinesia was improved.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

A Case of Dopamine Dysregulation Syndrome and Repetitive Behavior Caused by Levodopa in Parkinson's Disease
So Young Huh, Min Jeong Kim
Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society.2010; 14(3): 171. CrossRef

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